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offensive to society

  • 1 antisocial

    ænti'səuʃəl
    1) (against the welfare of the community etc: It is antisocial to drop rubbish in the street.) antisocial
    2) (not wanting the company of others: Since his wife died, he has become more and more antisocial.) insociable

    antisocial adjetivo antisocial ■ sustantivo masculino y femenino (Andes period) delinquent
    antisocial adjetivo antisocial ' antisocial' also found in these entries: English: antisocial
    tr[æntɪ'səʊʃəl]
    1 antisocial
    antisocial [.ænti'so:ʃəl,.æntaɪ-] adj
    1) : antisocial
    2) unsociable: poco sociable
    adj.
    • antisocial adj.
    'æntɪ'səʊʃəl
    a) ( offensive to society) antisocial
    b) ( unsociable) poco sociable
    [ˌæntɪ'sǝʊʃǝl]
    ADJ
    1) (=offensive) [behaviour, tendency] antisocial
    2) (=unsociable) insociable
    * * *
    ['æntɪ'səʊʃəl]
    a) ( offensive to society) antisocial
    b) ( unsociable) poco sociable

    English-spanish dictionary > antisocial

  • 2 bed-rock

    ˈbedˈrɔk сущ.
    1) геол. коренная подстилающая порода Syn: shelf
    2) перен. основные принципы to get down to bed-rock ≈ добраться до сути дела A bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive ≈ Базовый принцип, лежащий в основе Первой Поправки состоит в том, что правительство не вправе препятствовать выражению некоторой идеи только потому, что общество находит ее оскорбительной.
    3) перен. минимальная, самая низкая (о цене)
    bed-rock геол. коренная подстилающая порода, бедрок;
    почва( залежи) ~ основные принципы;
    to get down to bed-rock добраться до сути дела
    ~ основные принципы;
    to get down to bed-rock добраться до сути дела

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bed-rock

  • 3 bedrock

    сущ.
    1) геол. коренная подстилающая порода Syn: shelf
    2) перен. основные принципы to get down to bed-rock ≈ добраться до сути дела A bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive ≈ Базовый принцип, лежащий в основе Первой Поправки состоит в том, что правительство не вправе препятствовать выражению некоторой идеи только потому, что общество находит ее оскорбительной.
    3) перен. минимальная, самая низкая (о цене)
    Bedrock

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > bedrock

  • 4 evil

    ˈi:vl
    1. сущ.
    1) зло;
    вред;
    убыток, ущерб to root out evil ≈ искоренять зло unmitigated evil ≈ явное зло necessary evil ≈ необходимое зло do evil Syn: harm, hurt
    2) несчастье, беда;
    бедствие;
    тж. уст. болезнь It was the dread of evil that first cemented society together.≈ То, что поначалу сплотило общество, был страх беды. Syn: distress, disaster
    3) порок;
    грех;
    изъян, недостаток The evil which is the gluttony is not so bad as the evil which corrupts morals. ≈ Порок чревоугодия не так страшен, как грех развращения нравов. ∙ of two evils choose the less посл. ≈ из двух зол выбирай меньшее the lesser of two evils ≈ меньшее из двух зол King's evil St. John's evil
    2. прил.
    1) дурной, плохой;
    злой;
    зловещий, неблагоприятный the Evil One ≈ дьявол evil tongue evil eye Syn: ominous, ill-boding, wicked, vicious
    2) вредный;
    губительный, пагубный, гибельный;
    evil results Syn: harmful, hurtful, mischievous, prejudicial
    3) злостный;
    злонамеренный;
    зловредный
    4) разг. неприятный, противный;
    причиняющий боль или беспокойство Syn: unpleasant, offensive, disagreeable, troublesome, painful
    5) дурной, низкий;
    порочный, развратный evil life Syn: depraved ∙ to fall on evil days/times ≈ обнищать;
    попасть в полосу неудач зло - good and * добро и зло - lesser /less/ * меньшее зло - to believe * of others дурно думать о других - to speak * злословить - * comes from * зло порождает зло - to return good for * отплатить добром за зло - keep thy tongue from * (библеизм) удерживай язык твой от зла порок - an * of long standing закоренелый порок - the social * (эвфмеизм) общественное зло (проституция) - to lead a life of * вести порочную жизнь - to correct the *s of the system устранить пороки системы бедствие, несчастье - to wish smb. * желать кому-л. беды неудача( библеизм) грех - to shun * отойти от греха горе - * be to him that... горе тому, кто... (устаревшее) болезнь - king's * золотуха - the falling * падучая( болезнь) > but deliver us from * (библеизм) но избави нас от лукавого злой, зловредный, злонамеренный - the E. One (религия) нечистый, сатана - * spirits злые духи - * tongue злой язык испорченный, порочный - * conscience нечистая совесть - * fruit( библеизм) плоды худые развратный, порочный, грешный;
    преступный - * deeds преступления - * life распутная жизнь;
    путь разврата - * men (библеизм) грешники - a man of * reputation человек, пользующийся дурной славой - the * institution of slavery позорный институт рабовладения вредный, пагубный (о примере, совете и т. п.) зловещий;
    дурной, неблагоприятный - * hour недобрый час - * sign зловещий признак, неблагоприятное предзнаменование( разговорное) очень плохой, отвратительный - the * day черный день - * dinner очень плохой /ужасный/ обед - * slander гнусная клевета - * temper несносный характер - * weather отвратительная погода - * workmanship никуда негодная работа - * odour зловоние - to fall on * days впасть в нищету;
    хлебнуть горя ~ зло;
    вред;
    to do evil наносить ущерб;
    творить зло;
    evil comes from evil зло порождает зло;
    (the) lesser evil меньшее зло evil бедствие, несчастье ~ уст. болезнь;
    King's evil золотуха;
    St. John's evil эпилепсия;
    of two evils choose the less посл. из двух зол выбирай меньшее ~ вредный;
    пагубный;
    evil results злосчастные последствия ~ грех, порок ~ дурной, злой;
    зловещий;
    the Evil One дьявол;
    evil tongue злой язык;
    evil eye дурной глаз ~ зло;
    вред;
    to do evil наносить ущерб;
    творить зло;
    evil comes from evil зло порождает зло;
    (the) lesser evil меньшее зло ~ злостный ~ плохой ~ порочный, дурной;
    evil life распутная жизнь;
    to fall on evil days (или times) обнищать;
    попасть в полосу неудач ~ зло;
    вред;
    to do evil наносить ущерб;
    творить зло;
    evil comes from evil зло порождает зло;
    (the) lesser evil меньшее зло ~ дурной, злой;
    зловещий;
    the Evil One дьявол;
    evil tongue злой язык;
    evil eye дурной глаз ~ порочный, дурной;
    evil life распутная жизнь;
    to fall on evil days (или times) обнищать;
    попасть в полосу неудач ~ дурной, злой;
    зловещий;
    the Evil One дьявол;
    evil tongue злой язык;
    evil eye дурной глаз ~ вредный;
    пагубный;
    evil results злосчастные последствия ~ дурной, злой;
    зловещий;
    the Evil One дьявол;
    evil tongue злой язык;
    evil eye дурной глаз ~ порочный, дурной;
    evil life распутная жизнь;
    to fall on evil days (или times) обнищать;
    попасть в полосу неудач ~ уст. болезнь;
    King's evil золотуха;
    St. John's evil эпилепсия;
    of two evils choose the less посл. из двух зол выбирай меньшее ~ уст. болезнь;
    King's evil золотуха;
    St. John's evil эпилепсия;
    of two evils choose the less посл. из двух зол выбирай меньшее king's ~ разг. золотуха ~ зло;
    вред;
    to do evil наносить ущерб;
    творить зло;
    evil comes from evil зло порождает зло;
    (the) lesser evil меньшее зло ~ уст. болезнь;
    King's evil золотуха;
    St. John's evil эпилепсия;
    of two evils choose the less посл. из двух зол выбирай меньшее

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > evil

  • 5 BOSS

    3) Шутливое выражение: Be On The Safe Side, Big Or Super Strong
    4) Биржевой термин: Bond Option And Sales Strategy
    6) Телекоммуникации: Billing and Order Support System (Mainframe Application), cистема поддержки операционной и бизнес-деятельности операторов связи (Business and Operation Support System)
    7) Сокращение: Ballistic Optimising Shooting System, Battalion Operated Surveillance System (USA), Bofors Optimized Smart Shell (Sweden), Bulk Optically-controlled Semiconductor Switch, Bureau of State Security, bioastronautic orbiting space station, Bureau of State Security (Defunct; South Africa)
    9) Вычислительная техника: Bus Owner/Supervisor/Selector (FireWire), Basic OS Software for BASIC (OS, BASIC)
    10) Пищевая промышленность: Black Oil Sunflower Seeds
    12) Образование: Business Online Support For Schools
    13) Программирование: Branch On Site Server
    14) Океанография: Builders Organization for Students and Staff
    16) Программное обеспечение: Business Organizer Scheduling System

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > BOSS

  • 6 ORS

    1) Общая лексика: oral rehydration salts, Overseas Research Student (Award)
    4) Юридический термин: Oregon Revised Statute (s)
    5) Биржевой термин: order routing system
    6) Сокращение: Offensive Radar System
    8) Вычислительная техника: Output Record Separator (AWK)
    9) Фирменный знак: Orlando Riva Sound
    10) Образование: Occupant Restraint System, One Room Schoolhouse
    11) Контроль качества: Operational Research Society
    12) Химическое оружие: occurrence reporting system
    13) Расширение файла: Output Record Separator
    14) Аэропорты: Orpheus Island Resort, Queensland, Australia

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ORS

  • 7 Ors

    1) Общая лексика: oral rehydration salts, Overseas Research Student (Award)
    4) Юридический термин: Oregon Revised Statute (s)
    5) Биржевой термин: order routing system
    6) Сокращение: Offensive Radar System
    8) Вычислительная техника: Output Record Separator (AWK)
    9) Фирменный знак: Orlando Riva Sound
    10) Образование: Occupant Restraint System, One Room Schoolhouse
    11) Контроль качества: Operational Research Society
    12) Химическое оружие: occurrence reporting system
    13) Расширение файла: Output Record Separator
    14) Аэропорты: Orpheus Island Resort, Queensland, Australia

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ors

  • 8 boss

    3) Шутливое выражение: Be On The Safe Side, Big Or Super Strong
    4) Биржевой термин: Bond Option And Sales Strategy
    6) Телекоммуникации: Billing and Order Support System (Mainframe Application), cистема поддержки операционной и бизнес-деятельности операторов связи (Business and Operation Support System)
    7) Сокращение: Ballistic Optimising Shooting System, Battalion Operated Surveillance System (USA), Bofors Optimized Smart Shell (Sweden), Bulk Optically-controlled Semiconductor Switch, Bureau of State Security, bioastronautic orbiting space station, Bureau of State Security (Defunct; South Africa)
    9) Вычислительная техника: Bus Owner/Supervisor/Selector (FireWire), Basic OS Software for BASIC (OS, BASIC)
    10) Пищевая промышленность: Black Oil Sunflower Seeds
    12) Образование: Business Online Support For Schools
    13) Программирование: Branch On Site Server
    14) Океанография: Builders Organization for Students and Staff
    16) Программное обеспечение: Business Organizer Scheduling System

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > boss

  • 9 ors

    1) Общая лексика: oral rehydration salts, Overseas Research Student (Award)
    4) Юридический термин: Oregon Revised Statute (s)
    5) Биржевой термин: order routing system
    6) Сокращение: Offensive Radar System
    8) Вычислительная техника: Output Record Separator (AWK)
    9) Фирменный знак: Orlando Riva Sound
    10) Образование: Occupant Restraint System, One Room Schoolhouse
    11) Контроль качества: Operational Research Society
    12) Химическое оружие: occurrence reporting system
    13) Расширение файла: Output Record Separator
    14) Аэропорты: Orpheus Island Resort, Queensland, Australia

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > ors

  • 10 actually

    В наиболее общем виде коммуникативный смысл частицы actually связан обычно с указанием на какой-либо актуальный факт как на факт реальной действительности, часто выступающий как нечто новое, неосознанное, а порой и неожиданное по сравнению с тем, что говорилось ранее, что обычно считается истинным, что думал собеседник. В этой связи функцию указания на действительное положение дел следует, пожалуй, считать базисной, изначальной функцией actually, от которой развились другие ее функции, часто встречающиеся в разговорной речи. В письменном, книжном языке указанная частица употребляется, в основном, именно в базисной функции, и здесь подходящими эквивалентами частицы могут служить русские на самом деле и действительно:

    •... the people who were appointed to top posts never actually applied for them before they were approached (DL: 164)


    ... люди, назначаемые на высшие должности, на самом деле всегда подавали заявления лишь после того, как им предлагали это сделать.


    Функция указания на действительное (в противоположность несуществующему) положение дел встречается, однако, не только в письменном стиле, но и в нейтральном, и в разговорном, где в качестве эквивалентов, в силу своей нейтральности, могут выступать те же, уже указанные выше слова:

    • None of them actually saw the Monster.


    Никто из них на самом деле не видел Лохнесское Чудовище.


    •... it was just like being married, really, and when we actually got married it was a purely social event... (DL: 219)


    ... на самом деле мы жили в точности как муж и жена, а когда мы действительно поженились, это было чисто формальное мероприятие.


    При сопоставлении в одном предложении двух фактов с точки зрения того, какой из них ближе к действительному положению вещей, actually может выполнять эмфатическую функцию и переводиться различными усилительными средствами:

    •... it led to the development of mathematics which were viewed as akin to, if not actually identical with, the workings of the mind of God. (RS: 314)


    ... это привело к развитию математики, поскольку считалось, что математические процессы схожи с процессами, происходящими в уме Творца, а то и полностью совпадают с ними (или даже полностью совпадают с ними).


    Одной из наиболее распространенных разговорных функций actually следует признать функцию привлечения внимания к актуальному для данной ситуации факту. В этом случае значение, приобретаемое частицей, становится близким к значениям русских вводных слов кстати, надо сказать и между прочим:

    • And he did introduce us to two people. The Greek actor he said was going to play the poet. And the director. Another Greek. We all had dinner... actually we liked them both. (F: 341)


    И он действительно познакомил нас с двумя людьми. С актером-греком, который, как он сказал, будет играть роль поэта. И режиссером. Тоже греком. Мы обедали все вместе... между прочим, они оба нам понравились.


    • It's just a technique, actually rather a marvellous one, for helping you get into a part. (F: 292).


    Это просто способ, кстати, очень даже неплохой способ помочь вам вжиться в роль.


    С помощью частицы actually говорящий может не просто привлекать внимание к какому-либо факту, а использовать вводимое частицей высказывание в качестве уточнения, объяснения сказанного выше. В этом случае подходящим эквивалентом частицы может стать русское выражение дело в том, что (или частица вообще-то):

    • - I suppose we both preferred our own company.


    - That's not very complimentary of you.


    - Sorry. I didn't mean to sound offensive. Actually, I was feeling rather dreary, and thought I'd better keep it to myself. (Pr: 126)


    - Мне кажется, мы оба не хотели никого видеть.


    - Это не очень-то вежливо с вашей стороны.


    - Извините. Я не хотел никого обидеть. Дело в том, что я был в довольно дурном настроении и подумал, что мне лучше побыть одному.


    Выступая в функции привлечения внимания к актуальному факту, частица actually может приобретать дополнительные оттенки смысла, а именно выражать противопоставление или поправку по отношению к предыдущему высказыванию. Однако приобретаемый частицей оттенок полемичности носит вежливый и мягкий характер, в связи с чем на роль ее эквивалента хорошо подходят русские частицы вообще и вообще-то (хотя часто возможно использование также и уже упомянутого выражения на самом деле). Рассмотрим ряд примеров:

    • "But I thought he did something rather fine during the resistance." - "Not on your nelly. Actually he did a deal with the Germans." (F: 621)


    "Но мне казалось, что он неплохо проявил себя в период Сопротивления." - "Ничего подобного. Он вообще сотрудничал с немцами."


    В приведенном примере частица вводит факт, вступающий в отношение противопоставленности по отношению к высказыванию первого собеседника: герой не только не участвовал в Сопротивлении, но, напротив, сотрудничал с оккупантами.

    • 'Have you two introduced yourselves?" - "We've met before, actually. In Genoa." (DL: 216)


    "Вы представились друг другу?" - " Вообще-то мы уже встречались раньше. В Генуе."


    • "Have you published much?" -"No, not a lot. Well, nothing, yet, actually. I am still working on my PhD." (DL: 10)


    "У вас много публикаций?" - "Нет, не очень, вообще-то, пока на самом деле ни одной. Я ещё работаю над своей диссертацией."


    В двух последних примерах видно, как с помощью частицы actually говорящий вводит коррекцию либо собственного высказывания, либо высказывания собеседника.
    Особый интерес с точки зрения перевода представляют случаи, когда частица предваряет высказывание, подкрепляющее или усиливающее предыдущее. В этом случае в переводе необходимо отразить дополнительный эмотивный компонент смысла, появляющийся у частицы в таких контекстах, что позволяет сделать русская частица даже:

    • Only one passenger has a hardback book on her lap, and actually seems to be making notes as she reads. (DL: 88)


    Лишь у одной пассажирки на коленях лежит серьезная книга, и, читая, она, похоже, даже делает в ней пометки.


    • 'Would you say you were a strikingly pretty little girl... were you conscious that there was something rather special about you?" - "... the answer is yes, I believe there was. Actually I was painted." (F: 602)


    "Могли бы вы сказать, что были поразительно красивым ребенком... вы осознавали, что в вас есть что-то особенное?" - "... я отвечу да, я думаю, что-то было. Один художник даже писал мой портрет."


    Эмотивный компонент удивления говорящего по поводу какого-либо факта реальной действительности в целом встречается достаточно часто и, в зависимости от контекста, может переводиться другими русскими средствами:

    • Lampton, in the same position, made no attempt to escape, but devoted his attention to his studies, passing his main accountancy examination whilst actually a prisoner. (JB: 149)


    Лэмптон в такой же ситуации не предпринял попытки бежать, а посвятил себя учебе, сдав свой основной экзамен по бухгалтерскому делу, фактически находясь в заключении.


    • "What did he use to do at the orgies?" - "I don't know, darling. Mummy would never be very explicit. Though actually she seems proud of him." (JB: 155)


    "А что он обычно делал во время этих оргий?" - "Не знаю, дорогой. Мама всегда отвечала на этот вопрос уклончиво. Хотя, как ни странно, она, кажется, гордится им."


    Интересно также отметить случаи, когда частица actually употребляется для обозначения перехода от одной темы к другой или возврата к предыдущей или основной теме монолога. В этой функции частица может быть переведена различными функциональными эквивалентами в зависимости от контекста и в соответствии с принципом естественности звучания:

    • "Nothing, old boy. Really. All damned absurd. Actually I was out walking one day. May or June, can't remember." (F: 622)


    "Ничего, старина. Поверь мне. Все чертовски глупо. Ну, короче, вышел я раз прогуляться. Было это в мае или июне, сейчас не помню." (переход к более конкретному рассказу)


    • "Не spoke English?" - "Perfect. Moved round Europe all his life, best society and all that. Well, actually I found one of the twins a shade off. Not my type. (F: 623)


    "Он говорил по-английски?" - "Великолепно. Ездил по Европе всю свою жизнь, лучшее общество и все такое. Да, ну так вот, одна из девиц меня слегка разочаровала. Не в моем вкусе." (переход к основной теме разговора)


    В заключение стоит сказать, что в разговорной речи иногда происходит почти полная десемантизация частицы actually, когда она используется фактически лишь для того, чтобы заполнить паузу или смягчить эффект неприятной для собеседника информации. Следующий пример иллюстрирует подобное употребление:

    • "Well actually then there is only this. We've just advertised it." She handed me a clipping. (F: 22)


    Мы видим, что actually, как и well, не несет в себе никакой информации, кроме чисто прагматической: героиня думает, как лучше преподнести собеседнику то, что ему, скорей всего, не понравится, что может его расстроить. В переводе возможно, наверное, обойтись вообще одним ну (на обе английские частицы), хотя добавление такого десемантизированного слова как, например, собственно (или в общем-то), в данном случае позволяет, на наш взгляд, дополнительно усилить прагматический эффект:

    "Ну, собственно, тогда есть только это. Мы только что подали объявление в газету." Она протянула мне газетную вырезку.


    Очевидно, однако, что перевод десемантизированной частицы будет в каждом конкретном случае сильно зависеть от контекста.

    Английские частицы. Англо-русский словарь > actually

  • 11 position

    ə'ziʃən
    1. noun
    1) (a way of standing, sitting etc: He lay in an uncomfortable position.) posición, postura
    2) (a place or situation: The house is in a beautiful position.) situación; lugar, sitio
    3) (a job; a post: He has a good position with a local bank.) puesto
    4) (a point of view: Let me explain my position on employment.) posición, postura

    2. verb
    (to put or place: He positioned the lamp in the middle of the table.) colocar, situar
    - out of position
    1. sitio / posición
    2. postura
    3. situación
    4. puesto
    tr[pə'zɪʃən]
    ■ what's the exact position of the plane? ¿cuál es la posición exacta del avión?
    3 (posture) postura, posición nombre femenino
    4 (on scale, in competition) posición nombre femenino, lugar nombre masculino, puesto; (social standing) categoría social, posición nombre femenino
    5 (job) puesto
    6 (situation, circumstances) situación nombre femenino, lugar nombre masculino
    7 (opinion, point of view) postura, posición nombre femenino
    ■ I think you know my position creo que ya conoces mi postura, creo que ya sabes lo que opino
    8 SMALLSPORT/SMALL posición nombre femenino
    1 (put in place) colocar, poner; (troops, police) situar, apostar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    to be in position estar en su sitio
    to be in a position to do something estar en condiciones de hacer algo
    to be out of position estar fuera de lugar
    position [pə'zɪʃən] vt
    : colocar, situar, ubicar
    1) approach, stance: posición f, postura f, planteamiento m
    2) location: posición f, ubicación f
    3) status: posición f (en una jerarquía)
    4) job: puesto m
    n.
    • actitud s.f.
    • cargo s.m.
    • colocación s.f.
    • condición s.f.
    • lugar s.m.
    • opinión s.f.
    • planta s.f.
    • plaza s.f.
    • posición s.f.
    • puesto s.m.
    • situación s.f.
    • ubicación s.f.
    v.
    • colocar v.
    • disponer v.
    • orientar v.
    • situar v.

    I pə'ziʃən
    1) c
    a) ( location) posición f, ubicación f (esp AmL)

    to take up position(s) — \<\<soldier/policeman\>\> apostarse*

    to be in position/out of position — estar* en su sitio/fuera de lugar

    b) ( Sport) posición f
    2) c
    a) ( posture) posición f, postura f
    b) (stance, point of view) postura f, posición f
    3)
    a) c ( in hierarchy) posición f; ( in league) puesto m, lugar m
    b) c (job, post) (frml) puesto m
    c) u ( social standing) posición f
    4) c (situation, circumstances) situación f

    II
    transitive verb colocar*, poner*

    he positioned himself between the two guests of honor — se situó or (AmL tb) se ubicó entre los dos invitados de honor

    [pǝ'zɪʃǝn]
    1. N
    1) (=location) [of object, person] posición f ; [of house, town] situación f, ubicación f (LAm)

    the house is in a very exposed position — la casa está situada or (LAm) ubicada en un lugar muy expuesto

    • to be in position — estar en su sitio

    • to get into position — ponerse en posición

    • the troops are moving into position — las tropas están ocupando posiciones

    • to be out of position — [object] estar desplazado or desencajado; (Sport) [player] estar fuera de sitio

    • to take up position(s), troops have taken up positions near the border — las tropas se han apostado cerca de la frontera

    he took up his usual position in front of the fire — ocupó su sitio or lugar habitual frente a la chimenea

    I took up my lookout position on the bow — ocupé mi puesto or posición de vigilancia en la proa

    2) (=posture) (gen) posición f, postura f ; (sexual) postura f

    • to change (one's) position — cambiar de posición or postura

    • he had raised himself to a sitting position — se había incorporado

    3) (Sport)

    what position do you play (in)? — ¿de qué juegas?

    4) (Mil) [of troops] posición f ; (for gun) emplazamiento m

    • the enemy positions — las posiciones enemigas or del enemigo

    5) (in race, competition) puesto m, posición f, lugar m ; (in class, league) puesto m

    he finished in third position — terminó en tercer puesto or lugar, terminó en tercera posición

    pole I, 3.
    6) (in society) posición f

    • she gave up career, social position, everything — renunció a su profesión, a su posición social, a todo

    7) (=post) (gen) puesto m ; (high-ranking) cargo m

    • a high position in government — un alto cargo en el gobierno

    • to take up a position — aceptar un puesto

    • a position of trust — un puesto de confianza

    8) (=situation, circumstance) situación f

    • it puts me in a rather difficult position — me pone en una situación bastante delicada

    • the country's economic position — la situación económica del país

    • put yourself in my position — ponte en mi lugar

    (if I were) in his position, I'd say nothing — yo que él or yo en su lugar no diría nada

    • what is my legal position? — desde el punto de vista legal, ¿cuál es mi situación?

    • we are in a strong negotiating position — estamos en una buena posición para negociar

    • what's the position on deliveries/sales? — ¿cuál es la situación respecto a las entregas/ventas?

    • they were in a position to help — su situación les permitía ayudar

    he's in no position to criticize — no es quién para criticar, él no está en condiciones de criticar

    consider 1), jockey 3.
    9) (=opinion) postura f (on con respecto a)

    • what is our position on Greece? — ¿cuál es nuestra política or postura con respecto a Grecia?

    10) (=window) (in bank, post office) ventanilla f
    2. VT
    1) (=place in position) [+ furniture, object] colocar; [+ police, troops] apostar

    • to position o.s. — (lit) colocarse, situarse; (fig) (=take a stance) adoptar una postura

    2) (Sport) [+ ball, shuttlecock] colocar
    3)

    • to be positioned (=located) —

    a) (lit)
    b) (fig)
    3.
    CPD

    position paper N — informe m sintetizado

    * * *

    I [pə'ziʃən]
    1) c
    a) ( location) posición f, ubicación f (esp AmL)

    to take up position(s) — \<\<soldier/policeman\>\> apostarse*

    to be in position/out of position — estar* en su sitio/fuera de lugar

    b) ( Sport) posición f
    2) c
    a) ( posture) posición f, postura f
    b) (stance, point of view) postura f, posición f
    3)
    a) c ( in hierarchy) posición f; ( in league) puesto m, lugar m
    b) c (job, post) (frml) puesto m
    c) u ( social standing) posición f
    4) c (situation, circumstances) situación f

    II
    transitive verb colocar*, poner*

    he positioned himself between the two guests of honor — se situó or (AmL tb) se ubicó entre los dos invitados de honor

    English-spanish dictionary > position

  • 12 launch

    I 1. transitive verb
    1) zu Wasser lassen, aussetzen [Rettungsboot, Segelboot]; vom Stapel lassen [neues Schiff]; (propel) werfen, abschießen [Harpune]; schleudern [Speer]; abschießen [Torpedo]
    2) (fig.) lancieren (bes. Wirtsch.); auf den Markt bringen [Produkt]; vorstellen [Buch, Schallplatte, Sänger]; auf die Bühne bringen [Theaterstück]; gründen [Firma]
    2. intransitive verb
    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/88646/launch_out">launch out
    II noun
    (boat) Barkasse, die
    * * *
    I 1. [lo:n ] verb
    1) (to make (a boat or ship) slide into the water or (a rocket) leave the ground: As soon as the alarm was sounded, the lifeboat was launched; The Russians have launched a rocket.) ins Wasser lassen, abschießen
    2) (to start (a person, project etc) off on a course: His success launched him on a brilliant career.) in Gang setzen
    3) (to throw.) schleudern
    2. noun
    ((an) act of launching.) der Stapellauf
    - launching-pad
    - launch into
    - launch out     II [lo:n ] noun
    (a large, power-driven boat, usually used for short trips or for pleasure: We cruised round the bay in a motor launch.) die Barkasse
    * * *
    launch1
    [lɔ:n(t)ʃ, AM esp lɑ:n(t)ʃ]
    I. n
    1. (introduction) of product [Markt]einführung f, Launch m, Markteintritt m; of company Gründung f; of book Herausgabe f, Erscheinen nt; STOCKEX Einführung f [an der Börse]
    2. (introductory event) Präsentation f, Launch m
    3. (setting afloat) of boat Stapellauf m; (sendoff) of rocket, spacecraft Start m, Abschuss m
    II. vt
    to \launch a balloon einen Ballon steigen lassen
    to \launch a boat ein Boot zu Wasser lassen
    to \launch a missile/torpedo eine Rakete/einen Torpedo abschießen
    to \launch a rocket eine Rakete abschießen
    to \launch a satellite einen Satelliten in den Weltraum schießen
    to \launch a ship ein Schiff vom Stapel lassen
    2. (begin something)
    ▪ to \launch sth etw beginnen, mit etw dat beginnen; STOCKEX etw an der Börse einführen
    to \launch an attack zum Angriff übergehen
    to \launch a campaign eine Kampagne starten
    to \launch an inquiry/investigation Untersuchungen [o Nachforschungen] /Ermittlungen anstellen
    to \launch an invasion [in ein Land] einfallen
    to \launch a new show eine neue Show starten [o ins Programm [auf]nehmen
    3. (hurl)
    ▪ to \launch oneself at sb sich akk auf jdn stürzen
    4. (introduce to market)
    ▪ to \launch sth etw einführen [o lancieren]
    launch2
    [lɔ:n(t)ʃ, AM esp lɑ:n(t)ʃ]
    n (boat) Barkasse f
    * * *
    [lOːntS]
    1. n
    1) (= vessel) Barkasse f
    2) (= launching) (of ship) Stapellauf m; (of lifeboat) Aussetzen nt; (of rocket) Abschuss m
    3) (= launching) (of company) Gründung f, Eröffnung f; (of new product) Einführung f; (with party, publicity of film, play, book) Lancierung f; (bringing out, of film, play) Premiere f; (of book) Herausgabe f; (of shares) Emission f
    2. vt
    1) new vessel vom Stapel lassen; (= christen) taufen; lifeboat zu Wasser lassen, aussetzen; rocket abschießen; plane katapultieren

    Lady X launched the new boat — der Stapellauf fand in Anwesenheit von Lady X statt

    2) company, newspaper, initiative gründen; new product einführen, auf den Markt bringen; (with party, publicity) film, play, book lancieren; (= bring out) film anlaufen lassen; play auf die Bühne bringen; book, series herausbringen; plan, investigation in die Wege leiten; programme, trend einführen; career starten; policy in Angriff nehmen; shares emittieren, ausgeben

    the attack was launched at 15.00 hours — der Angriff fand um 15.00 Uhr statt

    to launch sb on his way —

    once he is launched on this subject... — wenn er einmal mit diesem Thema angefangen hat or bei diesem Thema gelandet ist,...

    3) (= hurl) schleudern
    * * *
    launch1 [lɔːntʃ; US auch lɑːntʃ]
    A v/t
    1. ein Boot aussetzen, zu Wasser lassen
    2. ein Schiff vom Stapel (laufen) lassen:
    be launched vom Stapel laufen
    3. ein Flugzeug etc (mit Katapult) starten, katapultieren, abschießen
    4. ein Geschoss, einen Torpedo abschießen, eine Rakete, ein Raumfahrzeug auch starten
    5. einen Speer etc schleudern
    6. a) eine Rede, Kritik, einen Protest etc, auch einen Schlag vom Stapel lassen, loslassen (beide umg):
    launch a stinging attack on sb jemanden scharf angreifen
    b) Drohungen etc ausstoßen
    c) MIL Truppen einsetzen, schicken ( beide:
    against gegen)
    7. a) ein Projekt etc in Gang setzen, starten, beginnen, lancieren
    b) SPORT einen Angriff vortragen
    8. (into) jemanden lancieren (in akk), jemandem Starthilfe geben (bei)
    9. launch o.s. on a task (into work) sich auf eine Aufgabe (in die Arbeit) stürzen
    a) auch launch forth starten, aufbrechen:
    launch out into sea in See gehen oder stechen;
    launch out on a voyage of discovery auf eine Entdeckungsreise gehen
    b) auch launch forth anfangen ( into akk oder mit):
    launch out into a new career eine neue Laufbahn starten;
    launch out into politics in die Politik gehen
    c) fig sich stürzen ( into in akk):
    d) einen Wortschwall von sich geben:
    launch out into a speech eine Rede vom Stapel lassen
    e) umg viel Geld ausgeben (on für)
    C s → launching A
    launch2 [lɔːntʃ; US auch lɑːntʃ] s SCHIFF Barkasse f
    * * *
    I 1. transitive verb
    1) zu Wasser lassen, aussetzen [Rettungsboot, Segelboot]; vom Stapel lassen [neues Schiff]; (propel) werfen, abschießen [Harpune]; schleudern [Speer]; abschießen [Torpedo]
    2) (fig.) lancieren (bes. Wirtsch.); auf den Markt bringen [Produkt]; vorstellen [Buch, Schallplatte, Sänger]; auf die Bühne bringen [Theaterstück]; gründen [Firma]
    2. intransitive verb
    Phrasal Verbs:
    II noun
    (boat) Barkasse, die
    * * *
    v.
    abschießen v.
    in Gang setzen ausdr.

    English-german dictionary > launch

  • 13 bedrock

    ['bedrɔk] 1. сущ.
    1) основа, фундамент, база, краеугольный камень, устои

    Farming formed the bedrock of our economy. — Сельское хозяйство было основой нашей экономики.

    The bedrock of our common security remains NATO. — Краеугольным камнем нашей общей системы безопасности остаётся НАТО.

    Syn:
    2) минимальный, самый низкий уровень
    3) геол. коренная подстилающая порода
    Syn:
    ••
    - get down to bedrock
    - come down to bedrock 2. прил.
    а) основополагающий, базовый, краеугольный

    A bedrock principle underlying the First Amendment is that the government may not prohibit the expression of an idea simply because society finds the idea itself offensive — Базовый принцип, лежащий в основе Первой поправки состоит в том, что правительство не вправе препятствовать выражению некоторой идеи только потому, что общество находит её оскорбительной.

    б) верный, непоколебимый, незыблемый

    Англо-русский современный словарь > bedrock

  • 14 polite

    1. a вежливый, учтивый; любезный; обходительный; благовоспитанный
    2. a изысканный, утончённый

    polite society — изысканное общество, свет

    3. a изящный, утончённый

    polite letters — изящная литература, беллетристика

    Синонимический ряд:
    1. courteous (adj.) civil; civilised; civilized; complaisant; cordial; courteous; cultivated; diplomatic; elegant; mannerly; refined; respectful; tactful; well-behaved; well-mannered
    2. cultured (adj.) cultured; fashionable; genteel; polished
    3. formal (adj.) ceremonious; chivalrous; conventional; courtly; formal; punctilious
    4. gallant (adj.) attentive; considerate; gallant; solicitous; thoughtful
    Антонимический ряд:
    discourteous; ill-bred; impolite; impudent; insulting; offensive; rude

    English-Russian base dictionary > polite

  • 15 Chronology

      15,000-3,000 BCE Paleolithic cultures in western Portugal.
      400-200 BCE Greek and Carthaginian trade settlements on coast.
      202 BCE Roman armies invade ancient Lusitania.
      137 BCE Intensive Romanization of Lusitania begins.
      410 CE Germanic tribes — Suevi and Visigoths—begin conquest of Roman Lusitania and Galicia.
      714—16 Muslims begin conquest of Visigothic Lusitania.
      1034 Christian Reconquest frontier reaches Mondego River.
      1064 Christians conquer Coimbra.
      1139 Burgundian Count Afonso Henriques proclaims himself king of Portugal; birth of Portugal. Battle of Ourique: Afonso Henriques defeats Muslims.
      1147 With English Crusaders' help, Portuguese seize Lisbon from Muslims.
      1179 Papacy formally recognizes Portugal's independence (Pope Alexander III).
      1226 Campaign to reclaim Alentejo from Muslims begins.
      1249 Last Muslim city (Silves) falls to Portuguese Army.
      1381 Beginning of third war between Castile and Portugal.
      1383 Master of Aviz, João, proclaimed regent by Lisbon populace.
      1385 April: Master of Aviz, João I, proclaimed king of Portugal by Cortes of Coimbra. 14 August: Battle of Aljubarrota, Castilians defeated by royal forces, with assistance of English army.
      1394 Birth of "Prince Henry the Navigator," son of King João I.
      1415 Beginning of overseas expansion as Portugal captures Moroccan city of Ceuta.
      1419 Discovery of Madeira Islands.
      1425-28 Prince D. Pedro, older brother of Prince Henry, travels in Europe.
      1427 Discovery (or rediscovery?) of Azores Islands.
      1434 Prince Henry the Navigator's ships pass beyond Cape Bojador, West Africa.
      1437 Disaster at Tangier, Morocco, as Portuguese fail to capture city.
      1441 First African slaves from western Africa reach Portugal.
      1460 Death of Prince Henry. Portuguese reach what is now Senegal, West Africa.
      1470s Portuguese explore West African coast and reach what is now Ghana and Nigeria and begin colonizing islands of São Tomé and Príncipe.
      1479 Treaty of Alcáçovas between kings of Portugal and Spain.
      1482 Portuguese establish post at São Jorge da Mina, Gold Coast (now Ghana).
      1482-83 Portuguese navigator Diogo Cão reaches mouth of Congo River and Angola.
      1488 Navigator Bartolomeu Dias rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and finds route to Indian Ocean.
      1492-93 Columbus's first voyage to West Indies.
      1493 Columbus visits Azores and Portugal on return from first voyage; tells of discovery of New World. Treaty of Tordesillas signed between kings of Portugal and Spain: delimits spheres of conquest with line 370 leagues west of Cape Verde Islands (claimed by Portugal); Portugal's sphere to east of line includes, in effect, Brazil.
       King Manuel I and Royal Council decide to continue seeking all-water route around Africa to Asia.
       King Manuel I expels unconverted Jews from Portugal.
      1497-99 Epic voyage of Vasco da Gama from Portugal around Africa to west India, successful completion of sea route to Asia project; da Gama returns to Portugal with samples of Asian spices.
      1500 Bound for India, Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral "discovers" coast of Brazil and claims it for Portugal.
      1506 Anti-Jewish riots in Lisbon.
       Battle of Diu, India; Portugal's command of Indian Ocean assured for some time with Francisco de Almeida's naval victory over Egyptian and Gujerati fleets.
       Afonso de Albuquerque conquers Goa, India; beginning of Portuguese hegemony in south Asia.
       Portuguese conquest of Malacca; commerce in Spice Islands.
      1519 Magellan begins circumnavigation voyage.
      1536 Inquisition begins in Portugal.
      1543 Portuguese merchants reach Japan.
      1557 Portuguese merchants granted Chinese territory of Macau for trading factory.
      1572 Luís de Camões publishes epic poem, Os Lusíadas.
      1578 Battle of Alcácer-Quivir; Moroccan forces defeat army of King Sebastião of Portugal; King Sebastião dies in battle. Portuguese succession crisis.
      1580 King Phillip II of Spain claims and conquers Portugal; Spanish rule of Portugal, 1580-1640.
      1607-24 Dutch conquer sections of Asia and Brazil formerly held by Portugal.
      1640 1 December: Portuguese revolution in Lisbon overthrows Spanish rule, restores independence. Beginning of Portugal's Braganza royal dynasty.
      1654 Following Dutch invasions and conquest of parts of Brazil and Angola, Dutch expelled by force.
      1661 Anglo-Portuguese Alliance treaty signed: England pledges to defend Portugal "as if it were England itself." Queen Catherine of Bra-ganza marries England's Charles II.
      1668 February: In Portuguese-Spanish peace treaty, Spain recognizes independence of Portugal, thus ending 28-year War of Restoration.
      1703 Methuen Treaties signed, key commercial trade agreement and defense treaty between England and Portugal.
      1750 Pombal becomes chief minister of King José I.
      1755 1 November: Massive Lisbon earthquake, tidal wave, and fire.
      1759 Expulsion of Jesuits from Portugal and colonies.
      1761 Slavery abolished in continental Portugal.
      1769 Abandonment of Mazagão, Morocco, last Portuguese outpost.
      1777 Pombal dismissed as chief minister by Queen Maria I, after death of José I.
      1791 Portugal and United States establish full diplomatic relations.
      1807 November: First Napoleonic invasion; French forces under Junot conquer Portugal. Royal family flees to colony of Brazil and remains there until 1821.
      1809 Second French invasion of Portugal under General Soult.
      1811 Third French invasion of Portugal under General Masséna.
      1813 Following British general Wellington's military victories, French forces evacuate Portugal.
      1817 Liberal, constitutional movements against absolutist monarchist rule break out in Brazil (Pernambuco) and Portugal (Lisbon, under General Gomes Freire); crushed by government. British marshal of Portugal's army, Beresford, rules Portugal.
       Liberal insurrection in army officer corps breaks out in Cadiz, Spain, and influences similar movement in Portugal's armed forces first in Oporto.
       King João VI returns from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and early draft of constitution; era of constitutional monarchy begins.
      1822 7 September: João VI's son Pedro proclaims independence of
       Brazil from Portugal and is named emperor. 23 September: Constitution of 1822 ratified.
       Portugal recognizes sovereign independence of Brazil.
       King João VI dies; power struggle for throne ensues between his sons, brothers Pedro and Miguel; Pedro, emperor of Brazil, abdicates Portuguese throne in favor of his daughter, D. Maria II, too young to assume crown. By agreement, Miguel, uncle of D. Maria, is to accept constitution and rule in her stead.
      1828 Miguel takes throne and abolishes constitution. Sections of Portugal rebel against Miguelite rule.
      1831 Emperor Pedro abdicates throne of Brazil and returns to Portugal to expel King Miguel from Portuguese throne.
      1832-34 Civil war between absolutist King Miguel and constitutionalist Pedro, who abandons throne of Brazil to restore his young daughter Maria to throne of Portugal; Miguel's armed forces defeated by those of Pedro. Miguel leaves for exile and constitution (1826 Charter) is restored.
      1834-53 Constitutional monarchy consolidated under rule of Queen Maria II, who dies in 1853.
      1851-71 Regeneration period of economic development and political stability; public works projects sponsored by Minister Fontes Pereira de Melo.
      1871-90 Rotativism period of alternating party governments; achieves political stability and less military intervention in politics and government. Expansion of colonial territory in tropical Africa.
       January: Following territorial dispute in central Africa, Britain delivers "Ultimatum" to Portugal demanding withdrawal of Portugal's forces from what is now Malawi and Zimbabwe. Portugal's government, humiliated in accepting demand under threat of a diplomatic break, falls. Beginning of governmental and political instability; monarchist decline and republicanism's rise.
       Anglo-Portuguese treaties signed relating to delimitation of frontiers in colonial Africa.
      1899 Treaty of Windsor; renewal of Anglo-Portuguese defense and friendship alliance.
      1903 Triumphal visit of King Edward VII to Portugal.
      1906 Politician João Franco supported by King Carlos I in dictatorship to restore order and reform.
      1908 1 February: Murder in Lisbon of King Carlos I and his heir apparent, Prince Dom Luís, by Portuguese anarchists. Eighteen-year-old King Manuel II assumes throne.
      1910 3-5 October: Following republican-led military insurrection in armed forces, monarchy falls and first Portuguese republic is proclaimed. Beginning of unstable, economically troubled, parliamentary republic form of government.
       May: Violent insurrection in Lisbon overturns government of General Pimenta de Castro; nearly a thousand casualties from several days of armed combat in capital.
       March: Following Portugal's honoring ally Britain's request to confiscate German shipping in Portuguese harbors, Germany declares war on Portugal; Portugal enters World War I on Allied side.
       Portugal organizes and dispatches Portuguese Expeditionary Corps to fight on the Western Front. 9 April: Portuguese forces mauled by German offensive in Battle of Lys. Food rationing and riots in Lisbon. Portuguese military operations in Mozambique against German expedition's invasion from German East Africa. 5 December: Authoritarian, presidentialist government under Major Sidónio Pais takes power in Lisbon, following a successful military coup.
      1918 11 November: Armistice brings cessation of hostilities on Western Front in World War I. Portuguese expeditionary forces stationed in Angola, Mozambique, and Flanders begin return trip to Portugal. 14 December: President Sidónio Pais assassinated. Chaotic period of ephemeral civil war ensues.
      1919-21 Excessively unstable political period, including January
      1919 abortive effort of Portuguese monarchists to restore Braganza dynasty to power. Republican forces prevail, but level of public violence, economic distress, and deprivation remains high.
      1921 October: Political violence attains peak with murder of former prime minister and other prominent political figures in Lisbon. Sectors of armed forces and Guarda Nacional Republicana are mutinous. Year of financial and corruption scandals, including Portuguese bank note (fraud) case; military court acquits guilty military insurrectionists, and one military judge declares "the country is sick."
       28 May: Republic overthrown by military coup or pronunciamento and conspiracy among officer corps. Parliament's doors locked and parliament closed for nearly nine years to January 1935. End of parliamentary republic, Western Europe's most unstable political system in this century, beginning of the Portuguese dictatorship, after 1930 known as the Estado Novo. Officer corps assumes reins of government, initiates military censorship of the press, and suppresses opposition.
       February: Military dictatorship under General Óscar Carmona crushes failed republican armed insurrection in Oporto and Lisbon.
       April: Military dictatorship names Professor Antônio de Oliveira Salazar minister of finance, with dictatorial powers over budget, to stabilize finances and rebuild economy. Insurrectionism among military elements continues into 1931.
      1930 Dr. Salazar named minister for colonies and announces balanced budgets. Salazar consolidates support by various means, including creation of official regime "movement," the National Union. Salazar engineers Colonial Act to ensure Lisbon's control of bankrupt African colonies by means of new fiscal controls and centralization of authority. July: Military dictatorship names Salazar prime minister for first time, and cabinet composition undergoes civilianization; academic colleagues and protégés plan conservative reform and rejuvenation of society, polity, and economy. Regime comes to be called the Estado Novo (New State). New State's constitution ratified by new parliament, the National Assembly; Portugal described in document as "unitary, corporative Republic" and governance influenced by Salazar's stern personality and doctrines such as integralism, Catholicism, and fiscal conservatism.
      1936 Violent instability and ensuing civil war in neighboring Spain, soon internationalized by fascist and communist intervention, shake Estado Novo regime. Pseudofascist period of regime features creation of imitation Fascist institutions to defend regime from leftist threats; Portugal institutes "Portuguese Youth" and "Portuguese Legion."
      1939 3 September: Prime Minister Salazar declares Portugal's neutrality in World War II. October: Anglo-Portuguese agreement grants naval and air base facilities to Britain and later to United States for Battle of the Atlantic and Normandy invasion support. Third Reich protests breach of Portugal's neutrality.
       6 June: On day of Allies' Normandy invasion, Portugal suspends mining and export of wolfram ore to both sides in war.
       8 May: Popular celebrations of Allied victory and Fascist defeat in Lisbon and Oporto coincide with Victory in Europe Day. Following managed elections for Estado Novo's National Assembly in November, regime police, renamed PIDE, with increased powers, represses opposition.
      1947 Abortive military coup in central Portugal easily crushed by regime. Independence of India and initiation of Indian protests against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa and other enclaves.
      1949 Portugal becomes founding member of NATO.
      1951 Portugal alters constitution and renames overseas colonies "Overseas Provinces." Portugal and United States sign military base agreements for use of air and naval facilities in Azores Islands and military aid to Lisbon. President Carmona dies in office, succeeded by General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58). July: Indians occupy enclave of Portuguese India (dependency of Damão) by means of passive resistance movement. August: Indian passive resistance movement in Portuguese India repelled by Portuguese forces with loss of life. December: With U.S. backing, Portugal admitted as member of United Nations (along with Spain). Air force general Humberto Delgado, in opposition, challenges Estado Novo's hand-picked successor to Craveiro Lopes, Admiral Américo Tomás. Delgado rallies coalition of democratic, liberal, and communist opposition but loses rigged election and later flees to exile in Brazil. Portugal joins European Free Trade Association (EFTA).
       January and February: Estado Novo rocked by armed African insurrection in northern Angola, crushed by armed forces. Hijacking of Portuguese ocean liner by ally of Delgado, Captain Henrique Galvão. April: Salazar defeats attempted military coup and reshuffles cabinet with group of younger figures who seek to reform colonial rule and strengthen the regime's image abroad. 18 December: Indian army rapidly defeats Portugal's defense force in Goa, Damão, and Diu and incorporates Portugal's Indian possessions into Indian Union. January: Abortive military coup in Beja, Portugal.
      1965 February: General Delgado and his Brazilian secretary murdered and secretly buried near Spanish frontier by political police, PIDE.
      1968 August and September: Prime Minister Salazar, aged 79, suffers crippling stoke. President Tomás names former cabinet officer Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor. Caetano institutes modest reforms in Portugal and overseas.
      1971 Caetano government ratifies amended constitution that allows slight devolution and autonomy to overseas provinces in Africa and Asia. Right-wing loyalists oppose reforms in Portugal. 25 April: Military coup engineered by Armed Forces Movement overthrows Estado Novo and establishes provisional government emphasizing democratization, development, and decolonization. Limited resistance by loyalists. President Tomás and Premier Caetano flown to exile first in Madeira and then in Brazil. General Spínola appointed president. September: Revolution moves to left, as President Spínola, thwarted in his program, resigns.
       March: Military coup by conservative forces fails, and leftist response includes nationalization of major portion of economy. Polarization between forces and parties of left and right. 25 November: Military coup by moderate military elements thwarts leftist forces. Constituent Assembly prepares constitution. Revolution moves from left to center and then right.
       March: Constitution ratified by Assembly of the Republic. 25 April: Second general legislative election gives largest share of seats to Socialist Party (PS). Former oppositionist lawyer, Mário Soares, elected deputy and named prime minister.
      1977-85 Political pendulum of democratic Portugal moves from center-left to center-right, as Social Democratic Party (PSD) increases hold on assembly and take office under Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. July
      1985 elections give edge to PSD who advocate strong free-enterprise measures and revision of leftist-generated 1976 Constitution, amended modestly in 1982.
      1986 January: Portugal joins European Economic Community (EEC).
      1987 July: General, legislative elections for assembly give more than 50 percent to PSD led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva. For first time, since 1974, Portugal has a working majority government.
      1989 June: Following revisions of 1976 Constitution, reprivatization of economy begins, under PS government.
       January: Presidential elections, Mário Soares reelected for second term. July: General, legislative elections for assembly result in new PSD victory and majority government.
       January-July: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Economic Community (EEC). December: Tariff barriers fall as fully integrated Common Market established in the EEC.
       November: Treaty of Maastricht comes into force. The EEC officially becomes the European Union (EU). Portugal is signatory with 11 other member-nations.
       October: General, legislative elections for assembly result in PS victory and naming of Prime Minister Guterres. PS replace PSD as leading political party. November: Excavations for Lisbon bank uncover ancient Phoenician, Roman, and Christian ruins.
       January: General, presidential elections; socialist Jorge Sampaio defeats PSD's Cavaco Silva and assumes presidency from Dr. Mário Soares. July: Community of Portuguese Languages Countries (CPLP) cofounded by Portugal and Brazil.
       May-September: Expo '98 held in Lisbon. Opening of Vasco da Gama Bridge across Tagus River, Europe's longest (17 kilometers/ 11 miles). June: National referendum on abortion law change defeated after low voter turnout. November: National referendum on regionaliza-tion and devolution of power defeated after another low voter turnout.
       October: General, legislative elections: PS victory over PSD lacks clear majority in parliament. Following East Timor referendum, which votes for independence and withdrawal of Indonesia, outburst of popular outrage in streets, media, and communications of Portugal approves armed intervention and administration of United Nations (and withdrawal of Indonesia) in East Timor. Portugal and Indonesia restore diplomatic relations. December: A Special Territory since 1975, Colony of Macau transferred to sovereignty of People's Republic of China.
       January-June: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the EU; end of Discoveries Historical Commemoration Cycle (1988-2000).
       United Nations forces continue to occupy and administer former colony of East Timor, with Portugal's approval.
       January: General, presidential elections; PS president Sampaio reelected for second term. City of Oporto, "European City of Culture" for the year, hosts arts festival. December: Municipal elections: PSD defeats PS; socialist prime minister Guterres resigns; President Sampaio calls March parliamentary elections.
       1 January: Portugal enters single European Currency system. Euro currency adopted and ceases use of former national currency, the escudo. March: Parliamentary elections; PSD defeats PS and José Durão Barroso becomes prime minister. Military modernization law passed. Portugal holds chairmanship of Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE).
       May: Municipal law passed permitting municipalities to reorganize in new ways.
       June: Prime Minister Durão Barroso, invited to succeed Romano Prodi as president of EU Commission, resigns. Pedro Santana Lopes becomes prime minister. European Parliament elections held. Conscription for national service in army and navy ended. Mass grave uncovered at Academy of Sciences Museum, Lisbon, revealing remains of several thousand victims of Lisbon earthquake, 1755.
       February: Parliamentary elections; PS defeats PSD, socialists win first absolute majority in parliament since 1975. José Sócrates becomes prime minister.
       January: Presidential elections; PSD candidate Aníbal Cavaco Silva elected and assumes presidency from Jorge Sampaio. Portugal's national soccer team ranked 7th out of 205 countries by international soccer association. European Union's Bologna Process in educational reform initiated in Portugal.
       July-December: Portugal holds presidency of the Council of the European Union. For reasons of economy, Portugal announces closure of many consulates, especially in France and the eastern US. Government begins official inspections of private institutions of higher education, following scandals.
      2008 January: Prime Minister Sócrates announces location of new Lisbon area airport as Alcochete, on south bank of Tagus River, site of air force shooting range. February: Portuguese Army begins to receive new modern battle tanks (Leopard 2 A6). March: Mass protest of 85,000 public school (primary and secondary levels) teachers in Lisbon schools dispute recent educational policies of minister of education and prime minister.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Chronology

  • 16 Theater, Portuguese

       There are two types of theater in Portugal: classical or "serious" theater and light theater, or the Theater of Review, largely the Revistas de Lisboa (Lisbon Reviews). Modern theater, mostly but not exclusively centered in Lisbon, experienced an unfortunate impact from official censorship during the Estado Novo (1926-74). Following laws passed in 1927, the government decreed that, as a cultural activity, any theatrical presentations that were judged "offensive in law, in morality and in decent customs" were prohibited. One consequence that derived from the risk of prohibition was that directors and playwrights began to practice self-censorship. This discouraged liberal and experimental theatrical work, weakened commercial investment in theater, and made employment in much theater a risky business, with indifferent public support.
       Despite these political obstacles and the usual risks and difficulties of producing live theater in competition first with emerging cinema and then with television (which began in any case only after 1957), some good theatrical work flourished. Two of the century's greatest repertory actresses, Amélia Rey-Colaço (1898-1990) and Maria Matos (1890-1962), put together talented acting companies and performed well-received classical theater. Two periods witnessed a brief diminution of censorship: following World War II (1945-47) and during Prime Minister Marcello Caetano's government (1968-74). Although Portuguese playwrights also produced comedies and dramas, some of the best productions reached the stage under the authorship of foreign playwrights: Shakespeare, George Bernard Shaw, Arthur Miller, and others.
       A major new phase of Portuguese serious theater began in the 1960s, with the staging of challenging plays by playwrights José Cardoso Pires, Luis Sttau Monteiro, and Bernardo Santareno. Since the Revolution of 25 April 1974, more funds for experimental theater have become available, and government censorship ceased. As in so much of Western European theater, however, the general public tended to favor not plays with serious content but techno-hits that featured foreign imports, including musicals, or homegrown musicals on familiar themes. Nevertheless, after 1974, the theater scene was enlivened, not only in Lisbon, but also in Oporto, Coimbra, and other cities.
       The Theater of Review, or light theater, was introduced to Portugal in the 19th century and was based largely on French models. Adapted to the Portuguese scene, the Lisbon reviews featured pageantry, costume, comic skits, music (including the ever popular fado), dance, and slapstick humor and satire. Despite censorship, its heyday occurred actually during the Estado Novo, before 1968. Of all the performing arts, the Lisbon reviews enjoyed the greatest freedom from official political censorship. Certain periods featured more limited censorship, as cited earlier (1945-47 and 1968-74). The main venue of the Theater of Review was located in central Lisbon's Parque Mayer, an amusement park that featured four review theaters: Maria Vitória, Variedades, Capitólio, and ABC.
       Many actors and stage designers, as well as some musicians, served their apprenticeship in the Lisbon reviews before they moved into film and television. Noted fado singers, the fadistas, and composers plied their trade in Parque Mayer and built popular followings. The subjects of the reviews, often with provocative titles, varied greatly and followed contemporary social, economic, and even political fashion and trends, but audiences especially liked satire directed against convention and custom. If political satire was not passed by the censor in the press or on television, sometimes the Lisbon reviews, by the use of indirection and allegory, could get by with subtle critiques of some personalities in politics and society. A humorous stereotyping of customs of "the people," usually conceived of as Lisbon street people or naive "country bumpkins," was also popular. To a much greater degree than in classical, serious theater, the Lisbon review audiences steadily supported this form of public presentation. But the zenith of this form of theater had been passed by the late 1960s as audiences dwindled, production expenses rose, and film and television offered competition.
       The hopes that governance under Prime Minister Marcello Caetano would bring a new season of freedom of expression in the light theater or serious theater were dashed by 1970-71, as censorship again bore down. With revolution in the offing, change was in the air, and could be observed in a change of review show title. A Lisbon review show title on the eve of the Revolution of 25 April 1974, was altered from: 'To See, to Hear... and Be Quiet" to the suggestive, "To See, to Hear... and to Talk." The review theater experienced several difficult years after 1980, and virtually ceased to exist in Parque Mayer. In the late 1990s, nevertheless, this traditional form of entertainment underwent a gradual revival. Audiences again began to troop to renovated theater space in the amusement park to enjoy once again new lively and humorous reviews, cast for a new century and applied to Portugal today.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Theater, Portuguese

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